4.For the past several years, many organizations have attempted to reduce administrative costs and respond more rapidly to customer and competitive demands. One method is to eliminate layers of middle management. The element of organization structure affected by such reductions is

A.spatial differentiation.

B.formalization.

C.Vertical differentiation.

D.formalization of jobs.

C yes. Vertical differentiation concerns the depth of the organizational hierarchy. The greater the number of levels, the more complex the organization, the greater the potential for information distortion, the more difficult the coordination of management activities, and the slower and less effective the response to changing conditions.

A no. spatial differentiation refers to the degree of geographic dispersion of facilities and personnel.

B no. formalization refers to the degree of job standardization through descriptions and rules.

D no same as B.